Promising Practices Network . The program has three primary goals: (1) to improve pregnancy outcomes by promoting health- related behaviors; (2) to improve child health, development, and safety by promoting competent caregiving; and (3) to enhance parent life- course development by promoting pregnancy planning, educational achievement, and employment. The program also has two secondary goals: to enhance families' material support by providing links with needed health and social services, and to promote supportive relationships among family and friends. The program was originally developed to address the underlying causes of antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior is defined as behavior that violates social rules or harms others. When this behavior begins at an early age, it is likely to be more severe and is more likely to persist than antisocial behavior that begins in adolescence. Three main factors have been found to be associated with early onset of antisocial behavior: Neurodevelopmental impairment of the fetus. Children of women who engage in risky behaviors (cigarette, alcohol, or drug use) are more at risk for this kind of impairment. Dysfunctional care giving, which generally refers to inadequate parental provision of material and emotional care. Maternal life- course development. Children of women who are on welfare, are unmarried, are high school dropouts, or who have three or more children are more likely to have children with reported behavioral problems. The three primary goals of the program directly address these three main risk areas. The content of the program is grounded in three theories: human ecology, human attachment, and the theory of self- efficacy. Human ecology theory emphasizes the importance of social context in human development. The program is introduced to first- time mothers because a first child represents a major change in the mother's life. The program continues into the early years of the child's life when the parent is still learning the parental role. Attachment theory argues that a caregiver's level of responsiveness to her child can be traced to her own childrearing history and attachment experiences. By helping the parent to see herself as someone who deserves support and attention, she begins to see her child as deserving the same. The theory of self- efficacy posits that differences in motivation and behavior are due to an individual's beliefs about how his or her efforts and the desired results are interconnected. Based on this theory, the program emphasizes helping mothers to set small achievable objectives that involve behavioral change and that will help them in dealing with similar problems in the future. Researchers conducting this intervention have observed that the women with the most success in the program originally felt they had very little control over their lives. Since the first trial study in 1. Top Program Participants. The program is designed to serve first- time mothers. Deliver the desktop web solutions your customers expect today and leverage your existing ASP.NET knowledge to build next generation mobile web applications for tomorrow. DevExpress ASP.NET Controls allow you to create touch.Highly Qualified Exceptional Student Education (ESE) Teachers Wanted: The Office of Instructional Recruitment and Staffing is maintaining a database of highly qualified ESE teachers. This database will be used to keep eligible. It is particularly aimed at new mothers who have additional risk factors, such as low socioeconomic status, being unmarried, or being young (under 1. Top Evaluation Methods. The program has undergone three randomized trials with different study populations. A study in Memphis, Tennessee, was mostly composed of African- American women; another in Elmira, New York, was primarily composed of white women. A third study in Denver, Colorado, involved women from a range of backgrounds, and this study was primarily focused on determining the program's effectiveness when delivered by paraprofessionals as compared with registered nurses. In the Memphis study, the researchers actively recruited women from prenatal clinics who had no previous live births, were fewer than 2. Of the 1,2. 90 eligible women, 1,1. Randomization was stratified by the following characteristics in order to have roughly comparable groups: maternal race, maternal age, gestational age at enrollment, employment status of head of household, and geographic region of residence. Group 1 (n = 1. 66) received free prenatal care appointments and round- trip taxicab service, but they did not receive any postnatal treatment. Group 2 (n = 5. 15) received the free screening plus transportation for prenatal and well- child care at 6, 1. Program ASP.NET Web Pages in Visual Studio; Intro to ASP.NET Web Programming Razor Syntax; ASP.NET Web Pages Visual Basic; ASP.NET Web Pages (Razor) FAQ; Sending Email from Your Site; Adding Social Networking. ASP.NET Hosting for.NET Developers that supports ASP.NET, ASP, MVC, Access, Full trust, and more. If it's an ASP.NET 2.0 app, try reinstalling the AJAX extensions. There may be some permissions issue preventing the other accounts from loading it, after you installed it on your account. These two groups were combined in all the evaluations to form the control group. Group 3 (n = 2. 30) received the prenatal services offered to group 1, and nurse home visiting services during pregnancy. The women in group 4 (n = 2. Ninety- two percent of the women enrolled in the Memphis study were black, 9. The Elmira, New York, study used the same methods, but it had a much smaller treatment group. This study identified 5. The Denver study was slightly different in its study design. Researchers recruited first- time mothers with no private insurance or who qualified for Medicaid. Of the 1,1. 78 eligible women, 7. These women were then assigned to one of three groups: a comparison group that received the usual screening (n = 2. Dropout rates in the three evaluations ranged from 1. The main reason for dropouts was passive refusal (the mother could not be located or would not respond). Other reasons included refusing services, moving out of the area, or the death of the child. The trials looked at several indicators, including women's health- related behaviors during pregnancy, the quality of parental caregiving (including state- verified reports of child abuse and neglect), rates of subsequent pregnancy, educational achievement, participation in the workforce, and the use of welfare. Interviews and assessments were carried out at several points during the program with all those initially randomized. At 3. 4 and 4. 6 months, the staff carried out interviews and assessments in the home. The Caldwell and Bradley Home Inventory scales were used to measure different aspects of parental caregiving. Observation checklists assessed the mother's warmth for, control over, and involvement with her child and the child's exposure to various hazards in the home. At 3. 6 and 4. 8 months, children went to the project offices for standardized testing, such as the Stanford- Binet test of intelligence. The evaluations included interviews with the mothers. The 1. 5- year follow- up of the Elmira study also included interviews with the adolescents who had been in the study and recorded measures of truancy; running away from home; criminal activity; pregnancy; and drug, alcohol, or cigarette use. These measures were matched with school data and teacher reports. Top Key Evaluation Findings. Olds et al. The 1. Olds et al., 1. 99. Elmira trial found that compared with the control groupchildren in group 4 had significantly fewer arrests, convictions, and violations of probationamong adolescents born to unmarried women with low socioeconomic status, those in group 4 reportedsignificantly fewer instances of running awaysignificantly fewer sexual partnersconsuming alcohol on fewer days during the six months before the interview. The evaluation of the Memphis trial (Kitzman et al., 1. Olds et al. They found nurse- visited women hadsignificantly fewer subsequent pregnancies (1. Kaufman Assessment Battery for Childrenhigher vocabulary scores as measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Testfewer behavior problems as measured by the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklistnurse- visited children born to women with low psychological resources (limited intellectual functioning, poor mental health, a low sense of control over their life circumstances) hadhigher arithmetic achievement test scoreslower levels of aggression in their response to storiestold less incoherent stories. Olds et al. They found that nurse visited women compared to the control group had significantly fewer subsequent low birth weight infants (0. Top Probable Implementers. Nurses; public health, social welfare, and criminal justice officials; obstetricians; and pediatricians. Most typically, public health departments, visiting nurse associations, and hospitals will carry out the program. Top Funding. The Elmira trial was originally funded from the research division of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, with later funding from a variety of public and private resources. The Memphis trial was supported in 1. Maternal and Child Health Bureau, the National Institute for Nursing Research, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the W. Grant Foundation, the Pew Charitable Trusts, and the Carnegie Corporation. The Colorado Trust was the primary funder of the Denver trial. Dissemination sites are self- funded, most often using Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Medicaid, child abuse prevention, maternal and child health, substance abuse prevention, and county funds. A RAND cost- benefit analysis (Karoly et al., 1. Elmira trial through the 1. The average cost of the program was $6,0. Savings accrued from four areas: increased tax revenues due to increased employment; decreased welfare outlays; reduced expenditures for education, health, and other services; and lower criminal justice system costs. They did not find a net savings for lower- risk families (average total savings of $3,7. Top Implementation Detail. Program Design. The home visitors focus on improving maternal health, promoting competent parenting, and enhancing parental life- course development. The program serves first- time, low- income mothers and their families. The home visits begin during pregnancy and continue through the second year of the child's life. The home visitors are highly trained registered nurses who follow specific protocols during each visit and carry a maximum of 2. Home visitors involve family members and friends in the program and help families to use other community health and human services. The nurse visits occur approximately every one to two weeks through most of the intervention, depending on the mother's delivery date or the age of the child. During the prenatal period, the nurses help women complete 2.
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